Causes of Kyphosis

     The etiology of kyphosis varies and can include congenital issues, developmental problems, and degenerative diseases.

Congenital kyphosis: This occurs when the spinal column fails to form or fuse correctly during fetal development, leading to a kyphotic curve at birth or during growth spurts.

Postural kyphosis: The most common type, often seen in adolescence, is related to slouching and poor posture, which leads to a deformity in the spine over time.

Scheuermann’s kyphosis: This form typically arises during the growth spurt before puberty, where some of the vertebrae develop abnormally, causing them to be more wedge-shaped rather than rectangular.

Degenerative kyphosis: This type is typically seen in older adults and is caused by the wear-and-tear on the spine due to age, leading to conditions like osteoporosis and disc degeneration.

Secondary kyphosis: Certain conditions like spinal injuries, tumors, or diseases such as Paget’s disease, can also lead to a kyphotic spine.

Diagnosing Kyphosis

     Diagnosis begins with a thorough medical history, physical examination, and typically includes imaging tests. During the physical examination, the physician will observe the spine, shoulders, and hips, looking for any asymmetry or deformity. The patient might be asked to bend forward from the waist, making any curvature more visible.

Imaging tests such as X-rays or MRI can provide a clear picture of the spine, revealing the presence and extent of kyphosis. In some cases, lung function tests may be required, especially if the kyphosis is causing breathing difficulties.

Non-Surgical Treatment for Kyphosis

     The choice of treatment largely depends on the cause, severity of symptoms, and the patient’s overall health. Mild to moderate kyphosis, particularly postural kyphosis, is often treated non-surgically.

Physical therapy: This plays a critical role in managing kyphosis. Therapists can teach patients exercises to help increase strength and flexibility in the spine, improve posture, and alleviate pain.

Pain management: Over-the-counter or prescription medications can help manage pain associated with kyphosis.

Bracing: For growing adolescents with Scheuermann’s kyphosis, wearing a brace can help correct the curvature.

Surgical Treatment for Kyphosis

     Surgery is typically considered for severe cases of kyphosis, where the curve is progressive or causing significant discomfort, breathing difficulties, or neurological issues. The aim is to reduce the degree of curvature, alleviate symptoms, and prevent further progression.

Spinal fusion: The most common surgical procedure for kyphosis is spinal fusion, where the vertebrae are fused together using bone grafts, rods, screws, or plates. This prevents further curvature and provides a stable spinal structure.

Osteotomy: In certain cases, the surgeon might remove or trim some of the bone to correct the spine’s alignment.

Vertebral column resection: In very severe cases, a segment of the spinal column may be removed and the remaining areas fused together.

     In conclusion, while kyphosis can pose significant challenges, advancements in medical science offer a range of treatment options. A proactive approach involving early diagnosis, regular monitoring, and appropriate treatment can help individuals with kyphosis lead active, healthy lives.